

We identify poor mass transport and catalyst deactivation as key constraints. Semiconductor photocatalyst approaches for solar CO 2 reduction are attractive due to their simplicity but have lagged in efficiency compared to less-integrated photoelectrochemical (PEC) approaches and to electrolysis reactors. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Institute for Nanocentury, Daejeon 34141, South Korea Saudi Aramco, Research and Development Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabiaĭepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, California 94720, USA Gas Isotope Metrology Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea The First R&D Institute, Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea

Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South KoreaĮ-mail: Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USAĮ-mail: Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, South Korea
